Film Analysis Iconic Characters in SUbejct 42 Revolution...

The iconic character within Subject 42 Revolution is Silus the antagonist in our film. An iconic villain reference for term project aesthetically and performance wise would be Kruger from the film Elysium (2013) a sleeper agent that works for Secretary Jessica Delacourt as a covert. Kruger eliminates problems as they arrive. Kruger is notorious for carrying out numerous human rights violations, including rape and torture. President Pate dismisses Kruger after killing innocent people. Kruger finds himself re-employed by Jessica when Max Da Costa and Spider’s crew attacks John Carlyle, a CEO stationed on Earth. Stealing data the critically change who controls the Elysium sanctuary to the wealthy and healthy whilst people live on earth’s†¦show more content†¦We wanted the stylization of Kruger to transition to our antagonist Silus a large figure with a messy rugged appearance similar to Kruger. In our film a large enters the slum with his band of soldiers, he has a depilated black cloak that hides his face similar to our reference character. We want the same messy stylization of Kruger for Silus; he should appear as dirty hired covert for the evil cooperation that sends him to capture Subject 42 and the other subjects who escaped, trying to r eturn to their families. Silus our antagonist should have the same aesthetic choices as Kruger in appearance. Kruger’s character for Elysium (2009) represents the real South African military stereotypes and the accent coming from a certain place. How this icon will suit our South African culture. Aesthetically we will adorn South Africa flag on the soldier’s outfit in our term project and take that stylization from Kruger character own for his roughness, his dirty rouge appearance with noticeable scars, his South African accent and adapt that into our antagonist Silus. Using Mise-en-Scene with dominant camera angles and lighting to represent our antagonist density in facial textures like scars, and his clothing that contrast against the Subjects appearance â€Å" As Campbell suggests, heroes and villains can present us with the challenge to transformation, possibly enabling us to see ourselves and others in new Light. The heroes and villains continually thrown up by human

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1169 Words

In a perfect world, every citizen would be beatific because of their wealth, fame, and fortune. Each person would have a reason to smile every morning, and would not face any consequences if they took part in immoral actions. However, if one person seems out of place in a utopia, he or she may be a victim to oppression. In most fables, the unique character, or underdog, finishes victoriously: becoming the hero, winning over the girl, and so forth. This story line has been seen in many different fairy tales. The Crucible follows that same plot, but twists the typical denouement into one that portrays the darkness of a society meticulously. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible highlights the significance of conformity in a society of people and growing suspicion that will begin to lurk throughout a community if one is different. This is portrayed accurately by the vehement John Proctor, who had the ability to influence society conspicuously because of his refusal to act as a typical Pur itan. Throughout The Crucible, it is evident that the citizens in Miller’s recreation of Salem act extremely similar. The Puritan people described in the book undoubtedly share their faith, building a theocracy in the village. The augmentation of Puritan hubris occurred because of their inability to convert the polytheistic Indian community situated within the forest. The Puritans, failing to ‘help’ the Indians, labeled the Indian residency as one belonging to the Devil where â€Å"heathenShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1 950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gri pping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Joint Ventures in the ASEAN Countries

Questions: 1: Critical evaluation about the reason Starbucks became disenchanted with this strategy. 2: Critical evaluation on the strategic role played by the Human Resources Management of Starbucks during the process of internationalisation. 3: Licensing strategy. 4: In some markets such as Britain and Thailand, Starbucks has chosen to enter through wholly owned subsidiary. How different are these countries from Japan.? Answers: 1. Critical evaluation about the reason Starbucks became disenchanted with this strategy The Starbucks Company was established in the year 1971. The main head quarter of the company is in Washington in United States of America. The main founders of the Starbucks Company are Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. But later Howard Schultz has acquired the company and has explored the company in the global market of coffee world. In the year 1971, the management of the company has decided to enlarge their department of selling their products. The management of the Starbucks coffee shop wanted to do their business globally. The administration of the Starbucks organization wants to earn more profit from their business. After deciding to do their business globally, the administration of the Starbucks coffee shop has opened 13,000 retail stores in United States of America. Later, the administration of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has opened over 3,750 retail shops in all over the world mainly in foreign countries (Ahn, 2014). The owner or the Chief Executive Officer of Starbu cks Coffee shop, Howard Schultz, went to Italy and observed that one of the Coffee shops in Italy was experiencing high business policy in all over the world and earning huge amounts of margins of profit from the market. From that state of mind, the owner of the Starbucks Company has got the idea of expansion of their business in all over the world. In the year 1995, there are only 700 retail stores of Starbucks in United States of America. But later in the year 1995, the owner of the Starbucks Company has decided to expand their business outside United States of America and then decided to expand their business policy in all over the world in the competitive market of selling roasted coffee and teas in the global market (Cho, 2014). The main objectives of the Starbucks Company is to earn huge amounts of margin of profit from the market by selling roasted coffee in the market and to provide better quality of coffees, various types of pastries, teas and other products from their reta il shop and also to provide better services to their customers in the market of selling roasted coffees. The administration of the Starbucks Coffee Company has targeted Japan first to expand their business in all over the world. The main problem faced by the administration of the organization is to get the license to trade in the market of Japan. The Government of Japan is not allowing the administration of the Starbucks Coffee shop to enter in the market of Japan to sell their products in the market (Cilento, 2013). But the owner of the Starbucks Coffee has decided to explore their business in Japanese market. After facing that problem, the management of the Starbucks Coffee shop has made a strategy to enter in the market of Japan. The administration of the company and the owner of the company have decided to establish a joint venture with the other retail shop in the Japanese market. But the retail shop in Japanese market do not wanted to make a joint ventures with the Starbucks Coffee Shop (Fan and Wolfstetter, 2011). After facing all the problems by the owner of the Starbucks Coffee Shop and the administration of the Starbucks Coffee Shop, they decided to implement a new strategy to make a joint ventures with the local retailer shop of Japanese market. Previously, the management of the Starbucks Company resisted their strategy of franchising with the other retail shop in United States of America (Fan and Wolfstetter, 2012). But in the current scenario, the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop does not have any choices to resist their strategy of franchising with the other local retail shop in Japan. So they decided to make a joint venture with the other local retail shop in Japan. The management of the Starbuck Company has made a strategy to attract the other local retailers to make joint ventures with the Starbucks Company. The management of the organization has decided to issue 50 % stake in the ventures to the local retailer shop in Japan. The retail shop who will make a joint ventures with the Starbucks Company, they will receive 50 % stake in the ventures of Starbucks (Kashlak, 2013). The management of the Starbucks has invested around $ 10 million in issuing the ventures with the local retail shop. This makes the management of the Starbucks Company to get disenchanted as the 50 % of the profit margin has to be distributed among the Starbucks Company and the local retail shop. The management statistically observed that the company is not having any profit, if they share their profit margin with the local retail shop of Japan. 2: Critical evaluation on the strategic role played by the Human Resources Management of Starbucks during the process of internationalisation Human Resource Planning aims to ensure availability of talented resources whenever there is a need. People are the valuable assets for any company and the firms need to keep them motivated by providing them ample opportunity to grow with the organization and also rewarding them adequately for their efforts (Ball, 2013). A motivated workforce will not only take pride in working for the company, but they will also go an extra mile to reach the organizational goal effectively. Competition makes it all the more important to have skilled staff as they are the face of the company since customer meet them while availing the service. Maintaining skilled and dedicated workforce become all the more important for a company like Starbucks, as they not only sell coffee but they sell the Starbucks Experience to their consumers, which can be fulfilled only when the staff has the ability to deliver that experience to people (Cavusgil, Ghauri and Akcal, 2013). Starbucks have identified the importance of proving a great service coupled with a quality coffee to its consumer. They also know that their employees are a vital part of their growth plan; and they cannot go ahead without them. Also Starbucks wanted to provide the same experience to their consumers across the globe (Hill, 2013). Therefore, Starbucks put great attention on recruiting employees and they provide them with extensive training so that they are able to live up to the expectations for delivering the Starbucks Experience to the customers. To keep them motivated, Starbucks have followed ESOP (Employees Stock Option Program) compensation policy and provided them with good medical benefits. This incorporated the sense of ownership among employees and made their accounts tax free (Likhi and Sushil, 2013). Starbucks have always treated their employees as their partners and ensured to have a satisfied workforce across the globe. Starbucks have always maintained a work culture which is not only welcoming and genuine but it also keep their employees engaged and always try to improve their knowledge by providing them with training as and when need arises and they have always been considerate towards its employees need (Marti nez-Lo pez, 2014). It is because of this strategy, that they were able to boast their dedicated staff during the process of internationalization. Since they knew that their people are competent enough to provide the expected Starbucks Experience, they decided to send their skilled employees to Japan so that they will be able to provide same experience to their consumers in Japan too. The ultimate aim of Starbucks is to provide the best coffee house experience and best coffee to its consumers, wherever they operating. So to maintain this, they trained the Japanese staff in the same manner they trained their staff in US (Nolan, 2008). Also they provided to the employees stock option plan to their Japanese staff too as they have always believed in diversity and never discriminated among its employees. These enabled Starbucks to have a dedicated workforce in Japan also, who worked enthusiastically towards the fulfillment of the ultimate goals of the Starbucks. This strategy has helped Starbucks in many ways, such as, it helped them to create trust and confidence in the Japanese people for them and it also helped them to retain bes t talent and attract fresh talent on a regular basis. This has helped to grow their network of dedicated workforce and since they treat their employees as partners, Starbucks was able to create a positive image for themselves among consumers also (Noorderhaven, Sorge and Koen, 2015). They enjoy the warm and welcoming gestures by the staff in every store which enhances perceived the value for Starbucks coffee manifold among consumers. This strategy helped Starbuck to grow rapidly in Japan and they are still growing. The employees of Starbucks, not only in Japan, but across the globe are more than happy by being associated with them and take pride in being a Starbucks employee. Thus it can be concluded that Starbucks have identified the necessity of adopting flexible and progressive HR policies to be able to meet its objective in an effective and efficient manner which also give them as edge over its competitors. Thus we can say that the staffing approach adopted by Starbucks in Japan was at par with the overall corporate strategy of the company. 3: Licensing strategy There are three approaches adopted by Starbuck to internationalize their business. They are joint venture, licensing and wholly owned subsidiary. Each one of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is quite evident from the case study that Starbucks did want to have a fair amount of control on the operation of its international outlet (Paliwoda and Thomas, 2013). Licensing allows a company to use the trademarks, technical knowhow and patents and other rights of another company, in return of fees in the form of royalties. When a company license out their operations to another company, it increases the competition for the firm because the rival firm now knows the valuable secret of the licensing company (in this case, the other company will know about the secret formula and techniques used by Starbucks). Thus any licensing firm should try to diminish this unwanted competition that occurs due to licensing and they should try to reduce the scope of license as much as they can ( Sadiq, Soffer and Volzer, 2015). Also licensing do pose a risk of confidentiality issues, because when a company give license to another company to use its brand name, format and production process, there is a high risk of breach of confidentiality. Also licensing reduces the control on operations. It is for these reasons that Starbucks did not go for pure licensing and they limited the scope of competition arising due to licensing. It is clearly mention in the case study, that Starbucks did not wanted to give full control to Japanese for its operation and they wanted them to follow the format of Starbucks strictly. It is for this reason that they defined the strict design and layout parameters that every store needed to follow. Starbucks wanted to replicate the US format in Japan without any compromise on quality of their coffee as well in the customer service (Sherman, 2005). The aimed at providing superior customer service across the board. Starbucks started to enter into joint v entures because of various reasons. As stated above all the entry modes has its own pros and cons. As already discussed above, the issues that Starbucks was facing due to licensing. When a company enters into a joint venture, it allows a firm to have access to increased resources including the capital. It also allows the firm to access the new markets and the technical knowhow of the partner company, and also help them to learn new technologies. In a international joint venture agreement, the local partner gets the advantage to make efficient use of their existing distribution network and other resources and joint venture also allows the partners to share the risk and costs. Both together, can diversify into new product category using the strengths of both the companies, which will lead to improved productivity and increased profits. Joint ventures also allow both the firms to have a fair amount of control over the operations. Therefore, Starbucks started entering into joint venture s as opposed to pure licensing because they wanted to take all the above mentioned advantages. Joint ventures would ensure control of Starbucks over its international operations and they will be able to provide the same Starbucks Experience to all the consumers they serve across the globe. Starbucks have clearly laid out the strategy for its expansion and they are aware that in order to retain its consumers, they need to mesmerize their consumers to make them come again to Starbucks instead of going for some other coffee shop (Veilleux, Haskell and Pons, 2011). It is for all these reasons that Starbucks strategically planned the investment of $ 10 million in a joint venture with a local retailer in Japan and then licensed the Starbucks format to the venture. This way they have the required control over the operation and helped them to increase its market while creating a strong brand presence in Japan. Thus we can say that Starbucks have always made a strategically move to grow the company and its employees. 4: In some markets such as Britain and Thailand, Starbucks has chosen to enter through wholly owned subsidiary. How different are these countries from Japan After establishing the business of Starbucks Coffee Shop in the Japanese market, the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has decided to open their business in Britain and Thailand market. The organization has faced lots of problem in Japanese market to enter in the market of Japan. The management of Starbucks Company has decided not to open their business in the country where problem raised to enter in the market (Pastor and Sandon s, 2012). The management of the organization has decided not to go for joint ventures with the local retailing shop of targeted market in the foreign countries. This is because the management of the company has faced lots of problem by making joint venturing with the local retailing shop. The management of the firm has observed that the company is not earning huge amounts of profit from the market. This is because 50 % of the profit margin has to share with the joint ventures company of Starbucks in Japanese market (Starbucks turns coffee grinds and old muffins into laundry detergent, 2013). The administration of the company has decided not to share their profit margin to the other retail shop established in the targeted market of foreign market. That is why, the administration of organization has decided to do their business in Britain and in Thailand. The management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has entered into the market of Great Britain and in Thailand market to sell their roasted coffees, coffees, teas, different types of pastries and other products. The administration of the company has decided to enter in the market of Great Britain and Thailand market because the administration of the company does not want to share the profit margins with any other companies (Swierczek and Dhakal, 2014). The owner of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has observed that if the profit margin is shared with the other companies then the administration of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has failed to generate revenues by selling their products like roasted coffees, coffees, teas, different types of pastries and other products in the market. The main difference of Japanese market and the market of Great Britain and Thailand is the Government of Great Britain and the Government of Thailand allows the outsider Company to enter in the market through wholly owned subsidiary (Pastor and Sandon s, 2012). So the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has decided that they can enter in the market of Great Britain and also in the Thailand market to sell their products like roasted coffees, coffees, teas, different types of pastries and other products in the market and can generate high revenues from the market for the funds of the retail shops established in the Great Britain market and Thailand market. The Government of Thailand and the Government of Great Britain can allow the outsiders to enter in the market in one condition. The conditions that both the Government has made is whenever an outsider retail shop tries to enter in the market, the management of the retail shop has to expand their retail shop in next five years. The Government of both the countries provides the license to the retail store to do their business but the administration of the retail shop should open at least 20 retail shops in the next five years. But one major problems in Great Britain and in Thailand is to generate funds. This is because the finance department of the banking sector of Thailand and Great Britain does not help the management of the retail stores to raise their funds. But the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop knows that the company can earn high profit margins from the market and later in the year 2000, the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop acquired many local coffee shops in th e market of Thailand and Great Britain to expand their retail shops in the market of Great Britain and Thailand market. For example The administration of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has acquired one local coffee retail shops in Thailand for around $ 12 million (Zhang, 2011). And later in the year 2007, the management of the Starbucks Coffee Shop has expanded their stores in the Thailand market and acquired around 103 stores in the market of Thailand. Reference List: Ahn, D. (2014). Joint ventures in the ASEAN countries. Intereconomics, 15(4), pp.193-198. Cho, M. (2014). Segmentation of Coffee Shop Customers based on Organic Coffee Choice Motives. Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life, 24(6). Cilento, M. (2013). Joint ventures in Eastern European countries: A survey of legislation. MOCT-MOST Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, 3(1), pp.151-161. Fan, C. and Wolfstetter, E. (2011). Research Joint Ventures, Optimal Licensing, and the RD Subsidy Policy. The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, 8(1). Fan, C. and Wolfstetter, E. (2012). Research Joint Ventures, Optimal Licensing, and RD Subsidy Policy. SSRN Journal. Kashlak, R. (2013). Establishing financial targets for joint ventures in emerging countries. Journal of International Management, 4(3), pp.241-258. Pastor, M. and Sandon s, J. (2012). Research joint ventures vs. cross licensing agreements: an agency approach. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 20(2), pp.215-249. Pastor, M. and Sandon s, J. (2012). Research joint ventures vs. cross licensing agreements: an agency approach. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 20(2), pp.215-249. Starbucks turns coffee grinds and old muffins into laundry detergent. (2013). Focus on Surfactants, 2013(3), p.3. Swierczek, F. and Dhakal, G. (2014). Learning and its impact on the performance of manufacturing joint ventures in developing countries. Technovation, 24(1), pp.53-62. Zhang, X. (2011). Communicating Coffee Culture through the Big Screen: Starbucks in American Movies. Comparative American Studies, 9(1), pp.68-84. Ball, D. (2013).International business. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Cavusgil, S., Ghauri, P. and Akcal, A. (2013).Doing business in emerging markets. London: SAGE Publications Inc. Hill, C. (2012).International business. Likhi, D. and Sushil, N. (2013). Building international strategic alliance capability: a case research-based insights.International Journal of Business Performance Management, 14(4), p.341. Marti nez-Lo pez, F. (2013).Handbook of strategic e-business management. Nolan, S. (2008). Realizing efficiencies through HR policies and practices.Strategic HR Review, 7(2). Noorderhaven, N., Sorge, A. and Koen, C. (2015).Comparative International Management. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M. (2013).International Marketing. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Sadiq, S., Soffer, P. and Volzer, H. (2014.).Business process management. Sherman, H. (2015). Starbucks: Brewing a New Song.The CASE Journal, 2(1), pp.103-103. Veilleux, S., Haskell, N. and Pons, F. (2011). Influence of entry modes on communication strategies of international new ventures in foreign markets: a preliminary study.IJBG, 6(2), p.117.

The Life Of Rene Descartes Essays - Natural Philosophy,

The Life of Rene' Descartes Rene' Descartes was a French mathematician, philosopher and anatomist. He contributed a great deal to modern ideas , particularly those concerned with geometry. He was known in his time as a mechanist, because he believed that nature could be explained through rational means, and inherent patterns could be found. During his life, Descartes remade geometry and made modern geometry possible. Rene' Descartes was born on March, 31 1596 in La Haye, Touraine, which was a former province of France. Rene' Descartes was the third child of a wealthy French family. Because of his father's poor health, Rene' did as he pleased. At the age of eight, Rene' was sent to a Jesuit college for formal schooling in the classics. The teacher of the school was sensitive to Rene's health and allowed him to stay in bed until he felt ready to attend class. Descartes used the quiet morning to think, and in later life he said they were the real source of his mathematics and philosophy. At the age of 18, Rene' left school to begin leading the life of a gentleman in Paris. He found partying amusing for a while. Soon after, he joined the army and went on to fight in a war in Germany. In Germany, Rene' had the most remarkable dream in the history of Math. He reported a number of episodes in the dream, and one of them is usually believed to be the application of algebra to geometry and the beginning of analytic and coordinate geometry. Descartes remained a soldier for another 2 years and then retired to Paris. Until then Descartes had published nothing, but he had shared his discoveries with others earlier. One of Descartes' friends convinced him that he had a sacred duty to share them with the world in writing.. Soon after he went to Holland to write and think. He spent the next 20 years roaming around Holland and working with the brightest minds in Europe. His father was the only person who knew his whereabouts. In 1637, Rene' Descartes' book, Le Monde, was published. A few theologians condemned his work but nothing happened. Descartes was still in Holland happily gardening when, thinking and writing when 19 year old Queen Christina of Sweden decided that she must have him as a tutor in Mathematics. She sent a ship to fetch him to the court, but he waited several months before leaving for Sweden. Descartes arrived in Sweden in the fall of 1649. He managed not to live at the court, but Christina scheduled their class for 5 a.m., each day. Descartes died the next the next February of an inflammation of the lungs. Rene' Descartes made some of his most notable contributions in the field of mathematics. He was the first mathematician to classify curves to the types of equations that produce them. He also invented the method of indices to express the powers of a number. His chief contributions to mathematics were his analytical geometry and his theory of vortices, and it is on his researches in connection with the former of these subjects that his mathematical reputation rests. Analytical geometry does not consist merely in the application of algebra to geometry; that had been done by many mathematicians. The great advance made by Descartes was that he saw that a point in a plane could be completely determined if it's distances, say x and y, from two fixed lines drawn at right angles in the plane were given, with the convention familiar to us as to the interpretation of positive and negative values: and though an equation was indeterminate and could be satisfied by an infinite number of values of x and y, yet these values of x and y determined the coordinates of a number of points which form a curve, of which the equation expresses some geometrical, that is, a property true of a curve at every point on it. Descartes asserted that a point in space could be similarly determined by three coordinates. In addition, he formulated the rule, which is know as Descartes' rule of signs, for finding the number of positive and negative roots for any algebraic equation. Rene' Descartes, philosopher and mathematician, made many contributions to our world today. From developing his theory of vortices, and inventing the method of indices. His understandings have advanced our world to modern understandings.