The Evolution use and design of research centers in the world - 2 Essay

The Evolution use and structure of examination focuses on the planet - 2 - Essay Example Exploration Centers, Evolution and Architecture 1. Presentation The progressing pattern of examination focuses in the contemporary world is ascribed to the conventional start of exploration focus in the ninth century. The significance of exploration focuses is distinguished in the ninth century from where its advantages are being procured in a noteworthy way today (Tash 9-11). The underlying examination habitats were constrained to observatories, which have extended to a few different teaches by the development of time. In the contemporary world, there are a few examination communities which accurately manage particular significant controls including clinical and wellbeing sciences, science, material science, human science, brain research, space science and some more (Tash 22-27). Since the start of this critical pattern on the planet, the control of engineering has assumed an inherent job in the structure and structure of examination centers’ structures (Narvaez, Panksepp and Schore 13-15). The advancement of this pattern was went with the development of engineering wherein explicit exploration offices were structured in the most recent cutting edge with its contemporary occasions (Colquhoun 7-11). Out of many exploration habitats, which are planned in concordance with its space of control, there are explicit examination communities, which accurately join the issues identified with kids. The possibility of kids research focus is related with the advancement of youngster improvement (Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development 31-33). This worry has brought forth the introduction of youngsters research focuses. As the advancement in the thought of kid improvement prompted the persevering pattern of kids research focuses, the control of engineering has likewise related to the impact of this development (O'Connor 3-5). There are a few critical components, which are being fused in the compositional plan of youngsters research focuses in the contemporary occasions. These components incorporate expressions, open inside structure, advanced outside of building, various degrees of structures with utility of glass, and neighborly stylistic layout to the engineering of building (Colquhoun 45-51). These are the components which have been enlightened through the advancement in the youngsters research centers’ engineering. 3.1 History/Evolution (International and National) of Development of your Project. On the off chance that your undertaking has various capacities/blended use you should follow the development of these capacities/types/employments. Offering models is essential The Beginning of the Children Research Center The absolute previously recorded children’s exploration and learning focus was the Victoria Hospital for Sick Children that was worked in 1892 by Darling and Curry Architectural Firm. It was worked in Toronto, Canada as a medical clinic to serve wiped out youngsters. It turned into the fi rst children’s medical clinic to open a school inside its dividers (Hamilton and David 65). This school was intended to encourage the exchange of abilities and information that attendants and specialists had learnt in the medical clinic to new staff. What's more, it was intended for specialists, experts, and researchers to trade data on different youngsters diseases. Beginning as an emergency clinic, the structure was later relinquished as it turned out to be less appropriate for numerous divisions. The structure, first made

Bad Grades Essay

I am writing to offer a clarification for an adjustment in scholastic execution that is recognizable on my secondary school transcript. From the beginning of my first year until the finish of my lesser year, it is apparent through investigation of my transcript that I have been a better than expected understudy reliably all through my secondary school profession. Nonetheless, beginning at around August 2010, issues emerged in my group of which I accept made it unimaginable for me to proceed with my 100% spotlight on school. Most of the way into my senior year, my dad was laid off from his activity. Since he was the main wellspring of salary around then, our group of five had to move from our agreeable lives at our four room house into our grandmother’s two room house. This was a radical change for us all, as we have never imparted a house to anybody, particularly one of this size. I not, at this point had a room in which I had the option to do my homework peacefully. This exceptional change, I accept, interfered with my emphasis on school as a result of the consideration it required from me. During my first semester I was regularly required to miss school by my folks, reason being that I needed to assist in the development procedure and needed to visit an evil uncle away. I assume full liability of my underperformance during the principal semester of my senior year and am not hope to rationalize. My principle objective in making this letter is simply to offer understanding on what it is I accept impacted my underperformance. I earnestly request that you think about me as a candidate and to not let this ongoing semester characterize me as an understudy. I extraordinarily value your time in perusing this letter.

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 11 Christkindlmarket Pt. II

Know Money, Win Money! Episode 11 Christkindlmarket Pt. II Know Money, Win Money! Episode 11: Christkindlmarket Pt. II Know Money, Win Money! Episode 11: Christkindlmarket Pt. IIYou didn’t think we would let the year end without a special bonus episode of Know Money, Win Money, did you? We’ve got another episode from the Christkindlmarket  right in time for Christmas! Or just slightly late for Chanukah. Or just right in time for Kwanzaa. Or just under the wire for Festivus. Or over a month too late for Wookie Life Day (check out our new Star Wars infographic). Unwrap the video below!Our first question was about the movie Elf, and how much Will Ferrell turned down, rather than make a sequel to the modern Christmas movie classic, Elf. The answer? $29 million. Your humble Know Money, Win Money host would do it for even half that! Will Ferrell is currently appearing in Daddy’s Home 2, which seems to take place at Christmas, and we can only assume, is essentially an Elf sequel. Sure, we haven’t seen it yet, but unless there’s a line where the characters explicitly let you know that they aren’t secretly elves, we feel pretty comfortable asserting that they are. Our next question asked about the number 462,000. Specifically what that number means in dollars each holiday season. While you might think it’s the amount Americans spend on Christmas trees or eggnog, in the end, it could be only one thing: a song about one thing. And that what one thing is what Mariah Carey wants for Christmas. Yes, “All I want for Christmas is You” makes over $450,000 in royalties each holiday season, which actually seems a little low for a song that plays nonstop from the end of November through the unwrapping of the last gift of the year. We hope you’ve enjoyed Know Money, Win Money this year. We’ll be back in the new year with new questions, and new cash. From us to you, happy holidays!Be sure to also check out our  most recent episodes:Episode Ten: Christkindlmarket Pt. IEpisode Nine: Back at the Bears GameEpisode Eight: Thanksgiving FootballWhere would you like to see us go in fut ure episodes of Know Money, Win Money? We want to hear from you! You can  email us  or find us on Twitter at  @OppLoans.

The Life Of 19Th Century American Poet Edgar Allan Poe

The life of 19th century American poet Edgar Allan Poe is one that the world of literary works and poetry will never cease to remember. Poe crafted several famous works of poetry during the American Romantic Movement, such as â€Å"The Raven†, a poem that helped gain him much fame after his death. Several poets have existed throughout time, but few became as well-known as Poe. The stories, conspiracies, and questions that lie behind his life are those of extreme popularity. Unlike many other great poets, Poe had a life of both mystery and melancholy that still interest readers today. Edgar Allan Poe is known for his morbid, dark, and haunting poems. He wrote mostly of death, demons, murders, sickness, and other unsettling topics. It could be†¦show more content†¦His former teacher, Dr. Bransbury, stated that he was â€Å"a quick and clever boy† (Pruette 372) and if it were not for his adoptive parents, he â€Å"would have been a very good boy† (Pruette 372). Later in Edgar’s life, as he was becoming more aware of his biological parents and his genealogy by hearing from acquaintances about the things that they became known for, he found a deep sense of pride which contributed to his arrogance. Sometimes, the knowledge of one’s family history can fuel their pronounced sense of pride. This was the case for Mr. Poe. At a young age, Edgar was already becoming extremely narcissistic, with the knowledge of who his biological parents were, and the great things they were known for. During the early ages, his adoptive parents who took so much pride in their spoiled child would hold gatherings and make Poe recite lengthy passages of poetry. During these times, Edgar acquired a taste for alcohol, which may very well have been the blame for a bit of the madness that he manifested in the later years of his life. Though it seems that Edgar had a life of luxury and the availability of whatever he requested being placed in the palm of his hand, he longed for more. While his new parents were busy making sure every desire of his was at his fingertips, they forgot to show him physical and emotional love, which is a key factor in the raising of a child. It could be said that there are only so many materialShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe; Fame Inspired by a Tragic Life865 Words   |  4 Pages The 19th century A merican poet, Edgar Allan Poe, had been plagued by grief from an early age. He was an amazing poet and author who just happened to have a darker story. Many who have studied this prestigious man feel that his works, though magnificent, were extremely dark. Some believe it was nothing more then a fancy for him to spin such gruesome tales. Others feel his work was manipulated by the misfortune of his past. These people have actually found evidence that agrees with this statementRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe: Birth and Military865 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of the 19th century Romantic era poet Edgar Allen Poe is an interesting one indeed. Throughout his life he played the role of a writer of short stories, an editor and critic of all works, and poet of emotion; revolutionizing each role through his extremely pragmatic style. As a writer, Poe wrote everything from love stories to comedies to horror stories, even inventing the detective mystery genre, and as a poet, he set out to use po etry to transmit and arouse the reader’s sense of beautyRead MoreThe Father of Gothicism1077 Words   |  4 Pagesthe story The Black Cat written by Edgar Allan Poe. Poe has been proclaimed the â€Å"Father of Gothicism† by many due to his grotesque short stories and poems. Gothic writers had their characters be more â€Å"prone to sin and self-destruction† than any other movement had experienced (Poets 2). This mysterious style of writing lasted until the 19th century, and other popular gothic writers and characters include Bram Stokers Dracula, and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein. Poe along with all gothic writers used disturbingRead MoreThe Great Stories By Edgar Allan Poe1238 Words   |  5 Pages In the mid-19th century, exploration of the new America was popular among the people. Poets during this time liked to write about adventure and new pristine worlds untouched by man. Edgar Allan Poe on the other hand used his own style of writing, that used dark symbolism and complex plots to excite the readers. Having seen death and understanding the feeling it brings, Poe had an easy time writing the great stories/poems that we know today. In the years of 1835-1845 the United States was inRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of Edgar Allan Poe976 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an important poet from the Romantic period. His work reflects his life in so many ways. It shows his fears, his ideas and how his life was. His work gives you an idea how the life and the circumstances of the time where during the 19th century. Poe used his own imagination, his life and the people around him as an inspiration for his work. The era between 1750 and 1870 is called Romanticism. This movement began in Germany and France and developed over England and whole Europe overRead MoreEarly American Literature Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesobsession. Then with the triumph of American independence, many at the time saw this as a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Greatness came with a strong nation and thousands of poems and stories that still shape our nation. The recent revolution greatly expressed the heart of the American people. However, it would take another fifty years of development throughout American before it produced the first great generation of American writers such as, Washington IrvingRead MoreEssay on The Romantic Side of Edgar Allan Poe 1061 Words   |  5 PagesAnyone who enjoys literature or movies has the Romantics of the 19th century to thank. The romantic ideals are now so engraved in this societies thinking that most don’t even realize that i t is romantic thinking at all. Almost every movie or book nowadays has a trace of romanticism in it. Romanticism started around the 1800’s as a contradiction to rationalism. Rationalism was a thinking that attempted to use rational thinking and reason to solve the problems being faces at its time. Romanticism isRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper1393 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous writer, a renowned poet, and a American hero, Edgar Allan Poe has helped shaped modern day literature. Taught in schools as being a tortured soul, Poe’s dark writing has shaped American English for the better. Edgar Allen Poe’s early demise came as a shock to many during the time. Poe left this world in a mystery, much like some of his most famous works. The way in which Poe died, is never as simple as it seems. The limited details of his demise has left a hole in American literature and historyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : A Gothic Romanticism Or Dark Romanticist1562 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is often considered one of the most famous, influential writers of the 19th century, and even today he is still revered for his more famous works, which are still taught and studied in schools and universities around the United States. His work is considered to be heavily influenced by the many hardships he faced during his lifetime, which can be seen in almost all of his poems or short stories. Poe is considered a gothic romanticism or dark romanticist, due to his fascination ofRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe: A Delirious Mind1058 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is one of the most descriptive writers known today. His works have been intriguing people since he began writing. The depth Edgar puts into his characters and settings is something people crave. The mysterious aspects of his stories immediately seize the readers’ attention. Edgar Allen Poe’s writing depth was affected by his drug and alcohol abuse. Edgar Poe was born on the 19th of January in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to Elizabeth and David Poe (Quinn 30). Both Elizabeth

The Psychological Impact of Domestic Violence on a Child

When we think about stress affecting individuals, various images can come to mind such as the single mother working two jobs in order to keep food on the table, the father who just lost his job and has a mortgage along with other bills, the teen who is pressured under cultural norms and wont be true to himself, or the fulltime student who is working part time in order to pay his/her college tuition. We can all agree that all the individuals mentioned above would probably be dealing with stress and have a reason to, but what about an infant? How about a child from those cheery, colorful, bright preschools? â€Å"Impossible† you say. Is â€Å"not likely† running through your head, or â€Å"Doubt it† at the back of your mind? Let’s bring some life†¦show more content†¦Even if the parent is no longer in the home, they will still be reminded of their things. My sister-in-law was in an abusive relationship. Even after she kicked her spouse out her children refused to go into her room; the room in which he used to hit her. She had to relocate because she refused to have her kids scare of their own home. There is nothing fine for a child to live in the constant state of fear. Their heart beat increases and if this continues for prolonged periods of time the child’s physiological state changes permanently (Compas, 394). For example, let say Timmy first gets scared when he sees domestic violence happening; his body will react by increasing his heart rate, then decreasing when he feels safe, but every time he gets scared it will get higher and higher, until his body enters a hyper vigilance state usually found in military and police officers. Individuals who have pushed their bodies to be in a hyper vigilance level are not only affecting physically, but socially as well. If they are constantly watching their surroundings, and on alert, they can never truly be comfortable with others. My brother is a Correction Officer, and has been for a couple years now. He has mentioned that he can no longer go places that are in high populations; like malls or concerts. He is always on ale rt because he is used to be in alert for so long he can’t just turn it off. The worst part is the individuals who fit a certain profile put him on higherShow MoreRelatedEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse896 Words   |  4 Pagesa direct relation to a child who witnesses abuse in his/her home at a young age? Introduction: What is domestic violence? â€Å"Domestic Violence is a pattern of behaviors used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often inclosing the threat or use of violence†(Safe Horizon, 2015). Domestic violence includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and exploitation; therefore, this is in relation to â€Å"intimate partner violence, battering, relationshipRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Victims And Varies1700 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition, strengths and limitations, and occurrence Domestic violence as a form of trauma can have an impact on victims and varies in the form in which it occurs. Domestic violence can occur directly to an individual or family or indirectly as exposure to domestic violence. The Department of Justice defines domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive behavior in a relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner†. According to CrossRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a behavior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreDomestic Violence and Social Problems1268 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a devastating social problem that impacts every sector of our population. Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner(USDOJ,2012). Domestic violence can be physical, economic, emotional, sexual, or psychological. Physical domestic violence is an attempt to impose physical injury such as grabbing, slapping, hitting, biting, etc. Physical violence can alsoRead MoreAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States† (Feinstein). The m ost common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence Has A Negative Impact On Children1568 Words   |  7 PagesOpen your eyes: Domestic violence has a negative impact on children. Being 8 years old and growing up witnessing domestic violence in my household was hard. â€Å"About 70% of domestic violence between couples goes unreported (S.N)† The reason the rate is so high is because fear overcomes the victim. The lack of someone being able to sit down and talk without being scared of getting home and getting beaten by their partner is bad, the reason of not being able to just sit down and talk to someone justRead MoreLong-Term Consequences of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence948 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence Abstract: Domestic violence effects everybody in a family. Patterns of abuse from one parent to another, between both parents or directed toward a child all have a composite effect of inflicting potentially severe emotional damage upon the child. The research outlined here identifies domestic violence as a serious sociological problem and consequently provides a usable definition of domestic violence for the present study. This is followedRead MoreDomestic Abuse Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesChild and domestic abuse is a serious matter which needs to have additional focus, especially in this day and age. Abuse is most often causes harm to others. Abuse may either be verbal, emotional, or physical or times all three. In today’s society there are many different types of abuse including, physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and neglect. All these types of abuse can affect people in multiple different ways, creating anywhere from short term to long term notable effects in the perso nRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1652 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is present in all regions of the world regardless of race, culture, or religion. It is not uncommon for men to experience spousal abuse. However, in reality abuse done by men towards women is a much more common occurrence. Men often abuse women as a result of negative domestic relationships experienced during childhood, the feeling of inadequacy and mental illness. However, the leading cause for this behaviour is the feeling of inferiority and the need to exert power. Stereotypically

The Drug Crime Relationship Free Essays

There is no question that drugs and crime are related, however difficulty stands when trying to establish a causal connection between the two. According to Ronald Akers, ‘compared to the abstaining teenager, the drinking, smoking and drug taking teen is much more likely to be getting into fights, stealing, hurting other people and committing other delinquencies’ (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). At a surface level, drugs and crime are linked as it is a criminal offence to possess certain substances unlawfully, however when looking deeper, where drugs are said to cause, influence or be associated with offending behaviour the subject becomes quite unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drug Crime Relationship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Three major models exist that examine the drugs-crime link and will be discussed thoroughly throughout this essay. Firstly is the model that suggests drug use leads to crime and offending behaviour. It offers the explanation that drug-users are enslaved, or behaving in ways which satisfy the craving which very often leads to participating in criminal behaviour. A second model explains that crime leads to drug use, and the third that drug use and crimes have a common aetiology. Throughout this essay these models will be examined deeply in order to try and best understand the relationship between drug use and offending behaviour. The idea that drug use leads to crime is by far the most believed and most popular idea out of the three. The reasons for this may lie in its heavy belief from the media and the government. It is sometimes represented as a direct causal effect and sometimes as just an association. There does stand much evidence in support of this theory, however no research identifies a direct causal link which will be noted later. One study carried out in this field gave the police power to perform drug tests on detainees in police custody and gave the courts the power to order the drug testing of offenders under the supervision of the probation service. In total they carried out a collective of 1,835 tests and found positive results in 63% of those tested in London, 58% of those tested in Nottingham and 47% of those tested in Strafford and Cannock. For those on probation over half tested positive ( Mallender et al. 2002, citied in Bean 2008). While support stands for this view, variations exist in the way drug use is said to cause crime. Three broad categories exist, firstly the psychopharmacological explanations, secondly the economic explanations and thirdly the drug-lifestyle explanation. Firstly the psychopharmacological explanations consider the effects of the drug chemicals have upon the human organism and what the behavioural outcomes may be. For example, the psychopharmacological model says that drugs cause violence because of their direct effects, as an effect users become impatient, irritable, energetic and irrational often leading to criminal behaviour. Goldstein (1985) believes the psychopharmacological model to be a direct effect model and argues that ‘some individuals, as a result of short or long term ingestion of specific substances, may become excitable, irrational, and may exhibit violent behaviour’. Brochu (2001) claims that many drugs ‘act on specific areas of the nervous system, including the frontal lobe and the limbic system, where the centres of aggressiveness and impulsiveness are located’ (Bennett and Holloway). While these are considered to be direct and instantaneous effects of drug use, in practice the psychopharmacological effects of drugs on crime are expected to function indirectly. Parker and Auerhahn (1998) stress from their research the overwhelming importance of the context in the relationship between substance use and violent behaviour, and as MacCoun et al (2002) claim ‘it may be that no drug is sufficient to produce aggression in isolation from psychological and situational moderators. ’ (Bennett and Holloway). The second variation on how ‘drugs cause crime’ is the economic explanation. This is very often referred to as the economic necessity argument which simply says drug users will commit crime for economic benefit in order to fund their drug addiction. Crimes associated with this explanation are most commonly property crime including theft, shoplifting, burglary and fraud; however there are many links with violent crimes. One explanation for this is that habitual drug users face problems raising cash and therefore prefer to perform street robberies. Baumer et al. 1998) argues that this type of robbery draws cash directly and is more easily perpetrated during the hours of darkness when the streets are less crowded. Cash carries the advantage of being easily concealed and does not have to be exchanged at a discount unlike stolen property. (Bennett and Holloway). The third variation is the drug-lifestyle explanation. The theory focuses in particular, on the relationship betwee n drug-using lifestyles and violence. It offers the explanation that drug abusers are living within a community which is more likely to be a violent one when compared to a drug free community. The drug using community is one that is notoriously violent, especially when considering punishments for failing to pay debts, territory disputes and selling adulterated drugs. Other ideas focusing on lifestyle but not on violence consider that drug users often do not participate in the legitimate economy and therefore the likelihood of them becoming involved in criminal activity is increased, and also they would be exposed to situations that encourage crime. (Bennett and Holloway). When considering the idea that crime leads to drug use, the research is scarce by comparison. If crime leads to drugs use there will be no reduction in criminality even with the successful treatment of the drugs problem. If crime leads to drug use then treatment should be directed at reducing the criminality, and the drug problem will be correspondingly reduced (Hammersley et al. 1989, cited in Bean p. 39). Researchers are heavily interested in finding what came first; the drug problem or criminality? Early British studies found that about 50% of heroin addicts were antecedently delinquent but, of course, 50% were not (Bean 1971). However, some researchers are sure they know the truth. Korf et al. (1998) belief that there is empirical support for thinking prior criminal involvement increases one’s chance of getting into drugs, claiming ‘many current addicts have set out on a criminal path at an early age and before their first dose of heroin. These pre-drug criminals turn out to be the group most likely to generate their income from property crime. ’ (Bean p. 9) As noted, there doesn’t stand as much research into this field as the previous (drug use leads to crime) however, the theories which do stand can be divided again roughly into the three same categories, psychopharmacological explanations, economic explanations and criminal lifestyle explanations. Explaining this idea through psychopharmacological means, researches such as Menard et al (2001) clai m that criminals use drugs as a form of chemical recreation to celebrate successful crimes, pretty much in the same way people use alcohol to celebrate a special occasion, (Bennett and Holloway, p. 6). In another way according to the psychopharmacological model, people who have planned crime might turn to drugs to enable themselves to carry out the planned actions. It is possible therefore to say that crime causes drug use because without the drug it is possible the crime wouldn’t have occurred. The economic perspective explanation simply says crime causes drug use through crimes resulting in surplus cash which enable the offenders to buy drugs, unds which would not be available were it not for criminal activity (tim newburn). The criminal lifestyle explanations suggest that a criminal lifestyle tends to involve drug use either via sub-cultural values, through available opportunities or as a result of self-medication. Criminal activity in subcultures provides ‘the conte nt, the reference group and the definitions of a situation that are conclusive to the subsequent involvement in drugs’ (White 1990: 223, Bean p. 39). Evidence for this comes from a small number of studies, quoted by White, where she says the individual is placed in an environment which is supportive of drug use, and it is the desire for sub-cultural status rather than a need for a drug which leads to the individual committing crimes. The available opportunities idea goes hand in hand with the situational crime theory, which states the individual makes a rational choice, essentially weighing up the pros and cons of their actions. If the pros outweigh the cons then the person will display offending behaviour. Supporters of situational crime prevention would say that crime leads to drug taking, and therefore by modifying crime hotspots and the environment, and by dealing with characteristics and location of suitable targets, drug taking can be reduced. The Third, that drug use and crimes have a common aetiology. This theory rejects strongly the simple causal explanation that drugs use leads to crime or the other, crime leads to drug use claiming the relationship to be far more complex than this. Rather, this suggests a common cause between the two, enforcing arguments that there are other factors involved which help explain both forms of behaviour. ‘Such factors may take various forms including aspects of personality or temperament, aspects of a person’s interpersonal social world (family, friends, peers) or some feature of the social environment in which they live’ (Newburn). These common factors can be grouped into three categories – psychological, social and environmental. Psychological factors can be related to a persons genetics or temperament character. Many explanations focus on the role of psychological factors as distal causes, which are those factors operating in the past that predispose people to act in certain ways. The social factors focus on social relationships and the way in which these may have an effect on crime and drug use. Peer pressure is said to be a major sway on a persons behaviour with regard to crime and illicit drug use. As White (1990) concludes in Bennet and Holloway (2005) ‘Peer group nfluences are the best predictors of delinquency and drug use. ’ With regards to the environmental explanation, factors within the environment are said to play a role in the drug-crime link. The social disorganization theory developed by Shaw and Mckay in 1942 was applied to help try and best explain the drug – crime link in 2000 by White and Gorman, who argue that rates of violence and exposure to drugs was greatest in less affluent areas, densly populated areas, racially segregated areas and those that are composed of a transient population. A rather sociological version of the common cause idea is a variation of the sub-cultural theory which sees drug use as a learned behaviour. Behavioural norms are learned from generation to generation and become internalised, which lead individuals within particular families or social groups to behave in the same manner with the same patterns of offending. To conclude, this essay has highlighted much evidence to suggest that drug use leads to crime, and the opposite, that crime leads to drug use. People who try illicit drugs are more likely to display offending behaviour than others; however there is no persuasive research evidence of a causal link between drug use and offending within the majority of drug users. Much of the research provides conflicting explanations of the topic, however there does stand some common ground. There are no inconsistencies in the idea that drug use might sometimes cause crime and crime may sometimes cause drug use. However, as a general rule, research provides evidence sufficient to establish an association as appose to a direct causal link. This essay has also looked at the idea of a common cause or common aetiology between the relationship between drug use and offending behaviour, which is the idea that other factors such as personality, temperament, family or friends influences play a part in an individual’s lifestyle and choices. How to cite The Drug Crime Relationship, Papers

Bullying and Thesis Statement free essay sample

You may want to compare the increase and spread of bullying to an epidemic, although that descriptor has been used a great deal in the media. Instead, you might want to rephrase your statement and write: The increase of bullying in our society over the past few decades has harmed ever-greater numbers of people both physically and emotionally. Or: Bullying has become an increasing problem in our society that threatens physical and emotional harm to ever-greater numbers of young people. Whatever thesis statement you choose to write, be sure to always phrase it as a fact, because when you state your position in a thesis statement as a fact, your readers will want to continue reading in order to learn why you believe the way you do. For supporting facts, you may want to mention incidents of bullying that have been in the news recently. The sad fact is, some people are so deeply affected by the negative influence of bullying that they have actually taken their own lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying and Thesis Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is an important point to mention in any discussion of bullying. Although suicides represent a rare and extreme reaction to bullying, it is a real issue facing society today. You may also want to mention that bullying is often a factor in young people becoming depressed and having lower self-esteem. They may not be moved to take their own lives as a result, but they may become inhibited, or afraid to express themselves and possibly strive to achieve less in life than they are capable of. (For example, they may do poorly in school, or stay away from social situations because they fear being taunted or made fun of. Because of this, bullying may be an obstacle to success. ) On the favorable side of bullying (if there is one), when mistreated by bullies, some people will actually work harder to succeed, in order to prove the bully wrong. Or they will fight back against the bully and gain an important sense of achievement, that win or lose they were able to stand up for themselves and fight their way past their tormentor. Either way, the bullying can serve as an obstacle to overcome, and once it is behind the bullied person, he or she may emerge from the situation with a tronger personal character. Bullying has another negative impact on the bullies themselves! People who bully others usually lack self-esteem and they torment others in order to take the focus off of themselves, or to take out the anger and frustration they have at the world on another person. They may also do it for attention, or because they are afraid of other people and want to bully others in order to make everyone stay awa y from them. They may have enjoyed bullying others in school, but the behavior will almost certainly become an obstacle for them later in life. When they grow older and leave school, bullies will have to learn how to behave differently, or if they do not, they will probably not be able to have a happy or stable life. For example, if they begin to bully people at their place of work, their employer will not likely tolerate this, and they may be fired. Because bullying behavior is offensive to a lot of people, a bully may not have many friends in their life, and they may not be able to keep a boyfriend or girlfriend, either. If they bully others at their apartment or in their neighborhood, they might risk being evicted by their landlord. And, of course, if they bully others in public, they run the risk of being arrested by the authorities and locked away in jail or prison. Remember: Write a strong thesis statement in your introduction. Follow this with some background information about your topic. Continue by restating your position (that bullying is an increasing problem) and use evidence to support what you say. Finally, conclude with a summary of everything you wrote about earlier.

Evaluating toys

Introduction The four types of toys under analysis are Bathtime Baby (for girls) and Woody (for boys), Build It (for boys) and Cleaning Trolley (for girls). Bathtime Baby is a pink and white baby doll with a shampoo and powder set. The doll is plastic and soft to touch. Its packaging consists of a young girl holding the doll and playing with it. Woody is the second toy; it is a figure of a man wearing brightly coloured clothes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating toys specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The toy has a hat and boots and can talk. It has the colour blue, red, yellow and white. Woody also has a plastic hat and boots, and a torso made of soft material. Build It is a set of items that children can construct into a truck and drill. It possesses battery power to enable the child to move it back and forth. Manufacturers made the set using hard plastic and bright colours (red for the truck and yellow a nd green for the drill). Lastly, Cleaning Trolley is a set of parts that children can make into a cleaning trolley. It has red, blue and pink as its prominent colours and consists of durable plastic; the toy is also mobile. How the toys represent gender ideology Girls’ toys represent the world of the woman as a nurturer. Bathtime Baby has a shampoo and powder that will allow a young girl to take care of her baby. This will condition her for her future role as a parent (Barthes, 1972). Furthermore, because producers already constructed the toy, the girl cannot take on the role of a creator; she must embrace her role as a consumer. In essence, this depiction mirrors what goes on in the adult world. Most manufacturers target females as consumers of their objects. One only has to watch commercials on television to realise this. Hair conditioners, deodorants, cooking materials and many other household items target the female consumer. Even the nature of materials used can conditio n girls into thinking that all they can do is use an item; they can never make it. Conversely, Woody is a stand-alone toy. It does not come with shampoos or washing-powder like Bathtime Baby. Instead, the toy can repeat phrases from a movie. This means that the child can pretend to be a movie star by imitating the toy. The element of care is not evident in this item. Instead, the child playing with it has taken on the role of a movie star. He can be a hero and carry the day. This toy represents the dominant and outgoing nature assigned to men (Van Leeuwen, 2009). Society confines women to domestic roles while men can go out and save the day in a movie. The second set of toys also reflects similar gender roles. Children would only use a cleaning trolley in the home environment. The girl can pretend to mop or vacuum just like her mother. This toy also prepares the girl to embrace her role as a homemaker. Conversely, Built It is a set of parts that make up a fire truck and drill.Advert ising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children who play with this toy can pretend to be firemen or mechanics. They may also pretend to be drivers or engineers. One can see that manufacturers are giving boys more options. It is almost as if they want to condition boys into becoming direct contributors to the economy. These toys do not confine children who play with them to one role. The kinetic design of the toys is something worth nothing in all four sets of toys. Bathtime Baby is a representation of a child seating down. On the other hand, Woody is standing erect, and his legs are far apart. Van Leeuwen and Caldas-Coulthard (2002) explain that women cannot support themselves. This clarifies why a girl’s toy consists of a baby in a seated position. The latter authors affirm that such kinetics cause women to become submissive in adult life. They are also symptomatic of power relation s in society. The doll is almost looking up; meaning that it is seeking approval from others. Also, because the girl who is playing with Bathtime Baby must concern herself with the well being of someone other than herself, then this causes her to focus on appeasement in her adult life. In contrast, Woody is standing alone and has no need to be supported. This reflects the independent and confident nature of men (Van Leeuwen Caldas-Coulthard, 2002). Furthermore, a person who is standing up always has greater control than one who is seating down. Once again, this signifies power relations between men and women. Similarly, designs for Build It and Cleaning Trolley enforce societal expectations about gender. One can see this in the rigidity and the mobility of the objects. Both items are mobile; however, Build It differs from Cleaning Trolley because the boys’ toy can be manipulated through battery power. A child can move the fire engine forward or backward by removal of the han dle in the electric power drill. One may also move the toy by hand. Cleaning Trolley can only be moved by hand. This indicates that boys have more playing options than girls. They can learn about electrical energy through the battery-operated drill, but still move the truck using their own hands. Society tends to undermine the exploratory role of the female as seen through Cleaning Trolley. The manner in which she can manipulate the toy limits her, and this discourages her from exploring new things. In the adult world, females know remarkably little about mechanical issues. They often seek male assistance when changing light bulbs, repairing leaking pipes or replacing car tires. Such toys lead to the development of these attitudes at an early stage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating toys specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences also exist in the manner in which the toys can be utilised. The rules of use are already evident in the construction designs of the toys. Bathtime Baby has soft material in order to encourage girls to play with her. Furthermore, because the doll is in a seating position, then it is easy to pretend that it is bathing in a basin. On the other hand, Woody is standing, so one would have to move it in that erect position. Bathtime Baby has prominent eyes and bright pink and white colours designed to attract a girl child. She will probably want to make eye contact with it and care for it. On the other hand, Woody’s eyes are smaller; this would encourage boys to focus on doing things with it rather than care for it. Additionally, because the toy can talk, boys would be encouraged to take on the same role of a movie star. Once again, the interpersonal and ideational elements of these toys reinforce gender stereotypes. Blakemore and Centers (2005) explain that most boys’ toys encourage more social play than girls’ toys. Cleaning Trolley and Build It also differ in the way they encourage children to participate. Build It has 18 parts while Cleaning Trolley only has 10 parts. Girls have fewer options with regard to the way they construct their toys, and this stifles their creativity. Additionally, the power of the user over the toy appears to be greater in Build It than Cleaning Trolley. Boys can manipulate Build It in more ways than the girls. Additionally, Build It gives greater feedback than Cleaning Trolley. Blakemore and Centers (2005) carried out a research in which participants classified girls’ and boys’ toys according to certain characteristics. The authors found that most boys’ toys tended to provide users with feedback for their input, but this was not true for girls’ toys. Consequently, one can understand why girls tend to shy away from structural work. They do not see results for their interventions from an early age, so this puts them off spatially-oriented work. The two sets of toys differ from one another with regard to their physicality. Girls items (both Cleaning Trolley and Bathtime Baby) tend to portray proper grooming and attractiveness. These ideas get implanted into girls’ minds and cause them to become conscious about their appearance in adult life. Bath Time baby is pink and white while Woody is yellow, red and blue. Pink and white are striking colours that emphasise the significance of one’s appearance. Cleaning Trolley and the truck may both have bright colours, but each of these colour choices sends a different message. The truck is red in colour to represent danger and violence while pink and blue are harmless colours that represent domesticity. Blakemore and Centers (2005) argue that most boys’ toys teach them how to embrace risk and danger as is the case with Built It.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manufacturer’s promises The packaging of Woody and Bathtime Baby has a design that invites users. The cover of Bathtime Baby is pink and white, which is quite appealing to young girls. Furthermore, because the package has no plastic cover, the potential buyers can test the doll. The package has an image of a girl holding the baby and playing with it at the back. This image can cause visual stimulation in other girls observing it, and thus prompt them to buy the toy. Similarly, Woody’s package is white and blue in colour so as to convey the message that it targets boys. It also has an open window that allows one to pull its string. Such a strategy causes physical stimulation because it allows boys to test the item (Stengling, 2008). In both these packages, it is easy to see a front and back part because the front has an image of the toy in each case and the back allows access to the toys. When comparing Build It and Cleaning Trolley, one can see similar patterns in the packaging. The front of Build It has a photo of a boy playing with the two items; the drill and truck. It also has a plastic window with the drill in it. The back of the package has an illustration of all the crucial parts of the assembly. Designs of these images show the children what they can make out of the various parts given to them. Similarly, Cleaning Trolley also possesses an image of a girl playing with the trolley while the back of the toy has labels for all parts of the trolley. This would probably encourage an observer to long for the item. Manufacturers portray Salience in Woody and Bathtime Baby slightly differently. The name of Bathtime Baby has a design that informs caregivers about what the toy can do for the child. In other words, this company promises that it will teach children social skills. The item meets these expectations because girls can dress, wash, or shampoo the baby. This would teach them interactive skills as they get older. The manufacturers of Woody have employed a different strategy to create certain expectations about the toy. First, the front of the package has Woody and some speech bubbles. These indicate that the toy can talk, and it would teach a child speech patterns or social skills. The toy delivers in terms of the speech patterns; however, lack of movement may be an impediment. Build It also possesses a different salience from Cleaning Trolley. At the front of the package, the manufacturers have placed the word fire engine so as to inform buyers that they will be constructing a similar item. The company has also placed the construction method for the toy, which tells parents that their children will learn spatial and construction skills from the toy. In Cleaning Trolley, the image of the trolley illustrates what the item will do for the buyer. It promises to teach the girl social skills and meets this expectation. With regard to the information value of the toys, Bathtime Baby contains information about the manufactur er and the social skill to be learnt from the toy, that is, imagination. The latter can be found at the front of the package. On the back side, one can see an image of the child playing with the doll. One side of the package contains information about the items in the package while the other side describes the activities that the child can engage in. This information is quite useful, although there is no mention of age. Woody, on the other hand, has descriptions of the toy on the front and back. It also has speech bubbles containing a summary of the phrases that the toy will provide. Lastly it contains information about the age limit and warns that children between 0 and 3 years should not use it. This is useful information although the company should have added information about how to make the toy talk. It should also describe the activities one can perform with the item and the social skills to be learnt. Information value between Build It and Cleaning Trolley also differs depend ing on the nature of the items in use. For instance, Build it has information describing the things that one can do with the item. It also possesses an image of a child playing with it. One side of the toy contains information about the various parts. It should include warning signs about any potential danger. Cleaning Trolley contains information about the benefits of the toy, the age group and the manufacturer’s name at the front. The back contains various parts of the toy and their labels. One side consists of tips on how to play or use the toy. The other side provides alternatives on role playing. This toy should have contained additional information about the process of assembling it. Conclusion An analysis of these two sets of toys reveals that toys portray a semiotic relationship between the genders. Girls’ toys tend to reinforce stereotypes about nurturing, submissiveness, consumption, affirmation and attractiveness. Conversely, boys’ toys enforce stereo types about confidence, stronger power relations, independence, risk, assertiveness and production/ construction. References Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. NY: Hill and Wang Blakemore, J. Centers. R. (2005). Characteristics of boys’ and girls’ toys. Sex Roles Journal, 53(9), 619-634 Stengling, M. (2008). Binding: a resource for exploring interpersonal meaning in 3D space. Social Semiotics, 18(4), 425-447 Van Leeuwen, T. (2009). The world according to Playmobil. Semiotica Journal, 173(1), 299-315 Van Leeuwen, T. Caldas-Coulthard, C. (2002). The semiotics of kinetic design. Wales: Cardiff University Press This essay on Evaluating toys was written and submitted by user Zayden Tyson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Australia Bushfire essays

Australia Bushfire essays Australia is the world's driest continent, and drought and bushfires are regular occurrences that, sadly, are a natural part of Australia's weather cycle. Australia has a history of severe bushfires. Such tragedies as the Ash Wednesday fires of February 1983 (71 deaths in Victoria and South Australia), the Tasmanian fires of February 1967 (62 lives, more than 1400 houses and buildings lost) and the New South Wales bushfires of 1994, place bushfires high on the list of Australia's natural disasters. But for now lets look at the huge bushfire occurred in 16th February 1983 (Ash Wednesday Bushfires). It was April 1982 to January 1983 in Victoria; the weather condition through these days was severe drought conditions and little rainfall, resulting in its driest period on record. A combination of dry grasslands and forests, very hot temperatures, low humidity and high wind gusts presented Victoria with a high bushfire risk. The temperature was 43 degrees Celsius on Ash Wednesday (16 February 1983), which caused huge bushfires that damaged/destroyed 2545 Building/house and huge amount of trees throughout the regions in Victoria. Also lots of lives got lost from fire. 75 (15 lives lost from firefighter) in total lives from fires, (47 lives in Victoria and 28 in South Australia) and there were hundreds of people injured due to their skin burnt. There were many other causes for fires including, clashing of electric power lines, tree branches connecting with power lines, fires being deliberately lit, and of course the weather. The fire started in Victoria at Cudgee and Branxholme and then the fire also started around Mount Macedon, Dandenong Range Cockatoo, Upper Beaconsfield and Belgrave Heights, Monivae, Branxholme, Warburton and in the Otways. The Fires were so big that it also spread around South Australia through Adelaide Hills and in farming country in the south east of the state. ...

Evaluate Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies Essay

Evaluate Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies - Essay Example LAN provide networking capabilities to a small group of computers close to each other such as at home, office or campus. A family can share resources including files, printers, telephone devices and games via LAN. Its main function is to link computers in a network. Its installed in the available PCI ports inside the computers and consist of a unique Media Control Access address. WLAN card allows wireless connection between computers in a network (Bachmann & Stern, 2010). LAN cards can be connected to Ethernet cables via BNC and AUI twisted pair sockets. It’s a network point acting as an entrance to a network and also connects a LAN to the internet. In large enterprises computer server functioning as a gateway can also double up as a proxy server and a firewall server. A hub is a device with multiple ports (6, 8, 16, and 24 ) used to connect all computers with each other in a LAN. Data packets at the hub are broadcasted to all computers. In contrast, a switch directs data to a particular intended port by use of addresses. It acts as a filter thus reduces the amount of traffic on a network. They are used to regenerate or amplify signals that span a limited distance before their quality degrades. They also remove unwanted noise from incoming signals and transmit messages in networks that operate with different protocols. Computers in different rooms and a printer would require a repeater to work efficiently (Habraken, 2009). A large enterprise consisting of hundreds of users and a manufacturing plant typically employs LAN to connect to the Internet WAN via Internet Service Providers. In addition to the above mentioned devices the following devices are necessary; A modem is a communication device that modulates and demodulates digital and analogue data respectively. It converts digital signals produced by the computers into voice frequencies that can be transmitted over telephone

Analyzing the Ways the Media Represent the American Economy Essay

Analyzing the Ways the Media Represent the American Economy - Essay Example This is even worsened by the declaration that "central bankers grappled with the growing uncertainty about which direction the economy is headed" (3). The second article expresses the gloomy projection of the International Monetary Fund when it cuts its forecast for economic growth in the United States this year to 2.2 percent (IMF Cuts 1). It can be recalled that during 2006, the nation's economy grew by 3.3 percent (3). The slowdown is attributed to the expected weak performance of the nation's housing market. It is projected that this deceleration will cause the United States to lag behind other economic giants including Britain, Canada, and Japan. This will be the first time that US will not lead the Group of Seven nations in terms of economic growth (6). Generally, the media portrays the American economy in a downslide. The nation's struggle in keeping its inflation stable and sustain economic growth appears to be in vain. It should be noted that the media uses a rather pessimistic tone in describing the US economy. Downbeat news article titles like "Greenspan: Recession 'possible' by end of year" and "The American Economy is Destroying Itself" loudly communicates the media's pessimism coupled with some sensationalism.

Problems of Syntax

Problems of Syntax If generative grammar focuses on establishing rules: The underlying thesis of generative grammar is that sentencesare generated by a subconscious set of procedures (like computer programs).These procedures are part of our minds (or of our cognitive abilitiesif you prefer). The goal of syntactic theory is to model these procedures.In other words, we are trying to figure out what we subconsciously knowabout the syntax of our language.In generative grammar, the means for modeling these procedures isthrough a set of formal grammatical rules (Carnie, 2012) Cognitive linguistics combines its theory of syntax with itstheory of motivation. The theory of motivation transpires useful for the cognitiveapproach, since its account of radial categories leads to the conclusion that moreperipheral subcategories are neither computable or derivational (in the Chomskyansense) from the central category nor completely arbitrary (in the de Saussurian sense).Lakoff (1987) offers a syntactic analysis with a view to demonstrating that radialcategories are also to be found in the domain of syntax and that they, similarly to theones in lexicon, motivate correspondences between form and meaning. Thus, in the thirdcase study of his monumental Women, Fire and Dangerous Things,Lakoff endeavors to show that the generative view of grammar is unsatisfactory, as itfails to observe that the meaning of many grammatical constructions motivates theirlinguistic form so that syntactic structures are very often motivated by the structure ofcognitive models. As there is no point in relating Lakoffs meticulous analyses, suffice itto say that he offers a theory of syntax in which syntactic categories are semanticallymotivated and grammatical constructions possess meanings. His conclusion is that thecentral syntactic categories can be predicted from the semantic conditions, while thenoncentral syntactic subcategories are motivated extensions of central categories. Whatis crucial is that in neither way can syntactic categories be viewed as autonomous in thegenerative sense. When protesting against the exaggerated arbitrariness of every linguistic sign andagainst the generative view of grammar, cognitive linguistics postulates also theprinciple of iconic sequencing. If, after Sweetser (1990),we compare sentences such as Iread books and newspapers versus I read a book and went to bed, we can observe thatthe usage of and in both sentences is quite different. In the former sentence, the usage ofand is symmetric, since we can freely change the conjuncts and the meaning does notchange with the reversal of conjuncts, whereas the latter sentence exhibits an asymmetricuse of and, since a change in the order does change our interpretation of the events.Sweetser (1990) explains that such an asymmetricality is due to the iconicconventions of narrative word-order. While the sequence of the two clauses reflects thesequence of the events in this sense that the first clause is interpreted as temporally priorto the second, it is important to notice that the conjunction and does not convey anyinformation about the order of events: the sequence of events is simply reflected by thelinearity of the clauses. If we now compare sentences such as He opened the door andentered the house and *He entered the house and opened the door, we can conclude thatthe former sentence is acceptable, since the sequence of the clauses reflects thechronological order of events, whereas the latter sentence is hardly acceptable preciselyfor this reason that the chronological order of events has been violated. As Ungerer andSchmid observe such sentences are unacceptable because the order in which theclauses are arranged violates the principle of iconic sequencing (1996:251). From thepoint of view of cognitive critique of generative grammar, the following issues should bepointed out. Firstly, it is crucial to notice that the unacceptability of the latter sentencecannot be explained by reference to the clause patterns and the rules of syntax alone.Secondly, the phenomenon of i conicity confirms our earlier suggestion thatextensionality should be seen as rather untypical of natural languages. Finally, cognitiveanalyses of iconicity corroborate the thesis that meaning and grammar interface, asgrammar transpires to be an image. Inasmuch as syntax rules, within generative linguistics, are independent of semanticsand pragmatics, generative grammar runs counter to natural intuitions with itsimplications that natural language consists of uninterpreted symbols and, consequently,its primary function must be production of sequences of uninterpreted sounds rather thancommunication. This is clear already in Syntactic structures were Chomsky declares we were studying language as an instrument or tool, attempting to describe itsstructure with no explicit reference to the way in which this instrument is put touse (1957:103). Generative grammar makes two important divisions: firstly, it differentiates betweenacceptability and grammaticality and, secondly, it differentiates between semantics andpragmatics (cf. e.g. Chomsky 1965:11 sqq.). With regard to the first division, it has to besaid that when differentiating between acceptability and grammaticality of sentences,generative grammar relegates the former to the sphere of performance, while the latter isgenerated by the syntax. This differentiation results in the opposition between sentencesand utterances: sentences are identified with competence and belong to grammar whichis viewed as an algorithm generating a set of sentences, whereas utterances are relegatedto performance, as they are seen as particular and contingent instances of sentences.With regard to the second division, it has to be said that when differentiating betweensemantics and pragmatics, generative grammar deems semantics to be far important, as itdeals with the meaning of sentence that i s to be objective, i.e. independent of speakersintensions and capable of correctly corresponding to the external world. Pragmatics,which deals with how speakers use sentences, is clearly separated from semantics andrelegated to a role of secondary importance. Needless to say, the primacy of semanticsover pragmatics stems from the assumption that it is semantics that concerns itself withthe objective relations between language and the external world. On discovering that syntactic categories and grammatical relations are notautonomous, but dependent of meaning and use, cognitive grammar repudiates the ideaof an autonomous syntax and maintains that many a syntactic analysis is incompleteunless supplied with semantic and pragmatic analyses. Inasmuch as it is not onlyacceptability but also grammaticality that is determined by the context, meaning and use,cognitive linguistics departs from the generative enterprise in its assumption that theorder in which component structures are integrated into composite structure (i.e. theconstituency in Langackers terminology) is flexible and variable, while in generativegrammar it is always fixed and invariable. Langacker demonstrates that special (e.g.communicative) circumstances can exert profound impact on the constituency and,consequently, change it in a way that cognitive linguistics can explain much better thangenerative grammar. As an example Langacker gives the sentence: This target / thea rrow hit / (but not that one), explaining that  the canonical NP + VP organization is readily suspended when communicativefactors favor isolating the direct object as a separate major constituent(1987:319). Accordingly, Langacker demonstrates that semantics must not be seen asautonomous not only at the level of the internal structure of the word meaning but also atthe level of sentence semantics. Similarly, Lakoff offers a thorough analysis which shows that the rules forcombining clauses must be accounted for on semantic and pragmatic grounds. Thescholars analyses lead to conclusion that syntax cannot be viewed as autonomous andtransformations cannot explain all relationships among grammatical constructions, sinceone can make better predictions with regard to the syntactic behavior of a construction, ifone does not disregard its semantic and pragmatic constraints. Thus, Lakoff shows(1987:475) that the transformational approach cannot explain why rhetorical questionssuch as Who would like to live here? can be combined with because-clauses (I amselling my apartment, because who would like to live here) and why a true question suchas Which apartment would you like to buy? cannot (*I am selling my apartment,because which apartment would you like to buy). Lakoff offers an interestingexplanation: rhetorical questions are in fact statements (I am selling my apartment,because no one would like to live here), whereas true questions are requests forinformation (cf. also Lakoff Johnson 1999:485)9. His generalization is based onconditions that are not only syntactic but also semantic (the clauses offer justification)and pragmatic (the syntactic constructions function as statements). In view of this,Lakoff shows that, contrary to the autonomous syntax hypothesis, many a syntacticphenomenon must be understood with reference to its semantics and pragmatics.Moreover, as the example demonstrates there is no clear-cut syntactic rule whichprecludes the possibility of a question being combined with a because-clause, it becomesevident that one must take into consideration the so called performative functions ofspeech acts. As a result, Lakoff arrives at the conclusion that if a question is in fact astatement, then it can be combined with because-clauses and if it is not, then it cannot.Consequently, semantics proves to be hardly autonomous at the level of syntax, sinceever y analysis conducted at the level of sentence semantics must also includepragmatics. In the final analysis, Lakoff shows that when it comes to the study of syntaxeven the absolutely fundamental distinction between subordinate and coordinate clausescan under certain circumstances be suspended, since  clauses expressing a reason allow speech act constructions that conveystatements, and the content of the statement equals the reason expressed(1987:480). Inasmuch as Lakoffs bases his analysis on the illocutionary forces of grammaticalconstructions, he incorporates semantic and pragmatic conditions into the study ofsyntax and, thereby, formulates a generalization about syntax in semantic and pragmaticterms which generative grammar, being founded on the dogma of the autonomy ofsyntax, can by no means formulate. Having concisely (and needles to say -superficially) dealt with the cognitive account of such linguistic phenomena asmetaphors, constructions, motivation, iconicity and performative functions of speechacts, we can attempt succinctly to present the most important consequences of thecognitive approach.

Osmosis in Potato Tissue

Biology Aim: My objective is to plan and conduct an  experiment from which I should be able to draw a firm conclusion that  will either prove or disprove any predictions I make. This essay aims to assess and investigate the effect of various solution concentrations on the activity of osmosis in plant tissue. Background scientific theory: Plants exchange gases (CO2 and O2) in maintaining vital respiratory processes and in carrying out photosynthesis; they absorb certain minerals and sugars so to use as a source of energy and eradicate wastes in order to maintain specific requirements for survival.Large amounts of water are absorbed by root hairs and are then distributed across the cells of plants by the process of osmosis; water being essential to life, assists cells in executing crucial chemical processes. Molecules travel by two means; active transport or passive transport. Active transport is the movement of a substance from a low to high concentration against the norm concentr ation gradient. Hence, the process requires expenditure of energy, and the support of a carrier protein. Passive transport, however, does not require energy but occurs spontaneously instead.It is a form of transport by which molecules move along a concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport includes osmosis and facilitates diffusion. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion; it describes the passage of a solvent from a weaker solution, where there is higher water potential, to that of a more concentrated solution that has a lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane in order to achieve the state of equilibrium. A partially permeable membrane acts as a barrier to some substances but allows others to penetrate through freely.Within any plant cell the cytoplasm and cell sap within the vacuoles are of a variety of substances such as salt, sugars and proteins. In theory, water will diffuse into the cell by osmosis if the solution surrounding the cell is weaker but when enclosed by a stronger more concentrated solution than its contents than water is drawn from it by the same process. As a result it becomes flaccid; the turgor pressure falls, the vacuole collapses and the cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall. This may result in its wilting or death. Plant cells have a cell wall as well as a plasma membrane.The cell wall is a strong and rigid structure that is used by the cell to create osmotic pressure within the cell. This pressure can build because of the rigidity of the cell wall. The cells within a plant that contain high water pressure act as the plant supportive structure, helping to give it its shape. When gaining, the vacuole will expand and press outwards on the cytoplasm and cell wall but since this cannot be over stretched there is a resistance on the inflow of water by the un-stretchable cell wall. This resistance results in turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole on the cell walls.When the vast majority of the cells within the leaves and stem of plant are turgid, its stem will be firm and upright and the leaves straight therefore providing mechanical strength. Similarly a flaccid celled leaf will be limp and the stem will droop; such plants are thought to be wilting. Factors that affect the rate of osmosis (potential variables) The rate of osmosis is much dependent upon a number of factors; the temperature, the nature of the solute, the difference in concentration of solute on either side of the membrane, and any external pressure applied against the direction of flow.Concentration: – The  concentration  of a chemical  solution  refers to the amount of solute  that is dissolved in a  solvent. The concentration of any solution or plan tissue is directly linked to its water potential; the higher the concentration the lower it water potential. Water potential is a measure of the potential of water to enter or leave. Within a di lute solution there is a higher proportion of free water molecules hence water will flow from the dilute to concentrated solution; it is said to have a higher water potential.The maximum water potential is nil; an example of which is within pure water hence water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous solution regardless of how dilute it may be. There are three possible concentrations of solution. The first, a hypertonic solution, has a higher solute concentration than that of the cell and as a result the water will leave the cell resulting in collapsed vacuoles in plant cells. A hypotonic solution, however, has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration inside the cell and hence the net movement of water inside the cell is at its maximum.Whilst an isotonic solution is when the concentration of solutes is the same inside the cell as it is outside of the cell; in such as case the cell would not lose nor gain any water. This state is otherwise recognized as d ynamic Equilibrium where the molecules are randomly distributed despite there still being a rapid net movement of water across the cell membrane in both directions; water movement in opposing directions occur at the same rate and thereby ‘cancel’ each other out.Larger differences between the concentrations or water potential of the solutions results in a steeper concentration gradient, meaning a faster rate of osmosis. In effect the concentration outside of any cell is proportional to osmosis rates and therefore the higher the concentration of the solution the higher the net movement of water. Concentration is the factor which is to be assessed in the following experiment; it can be altered by diluting the solution with distilled water whilst keeping the volume constant, (i. e. a 0. 8 molar sucrose solution would consist of 2cm? f distilled water with 8cm? of sucrose solution equivalent to 10cm? of a mixture. ) Temperature: – The rate of Osmosis is also reliant u pon the kinetic energy of the particles being diffused. Since energy is directly related to heat, temperature governs the amount of kinetic energy the particles have. The general temperature of the room in which the experiment takes place will influence measurements of mass of the potato; hence it is important that we ensure that it remains ambient throughout our experiment in order to increase the reliability of our measurements.Ultimately as temperature increases or decreases, the rate of osmosis should also increase or decrease in relative, causing the potato chips to lose/gain mass at a faster/ slower rate. Temperature is therefore directly proportional to the rate of osmosis. Surface area to volume ratio- Additionally the surface area of the plant tissue or in this case the potato will also influence osmosis; the larger the surface area, the more cells are directly exposed to the liquid solution; therefore more water can transfer through the membranes of the cells at any one ti me resulting in a more massive net movement of water by osmosis.Size of Potato;- A large sized potato is likely to contain more  substances. Therefore it is likely to contain more water, which can  affect osmosis as there will be an increasing concentration of water,  which, as the potato's size increases affecting the overall movement  of water depending on the concentration of solution that the potato is  kept in. All potato chips shall be approximately at the same mass initially (1. 6g ± 0. 2g) Plant Tissue:-Where the potato was sourced from will also greatly affect the osmosis rates that are observed by its change in mass also whilst some may be old others may be fresh. In theory osmosis rates will be considerably more efficient in newer than older potato strips for the reason that in older ones its cells may be more damaged or be on the verge of decay. Hence the permeability of the potato can too be determined by its age; its age and permeability to the larger exten t are in inverse proportion therefore.Type of solution:- Different solution types ( i. e. sucrose, glucose, potassium chloride and sodium chloride) will differ from one another in that the size of the molecules of the solute may be larger in one that the other. this will affect osmosis rates within the plant tissue in that smaller molecules will be able to penetrate through the partially permeable membrane with far more ease than larger ones ; hence the smaller the molecules of the solute the faster the rate of osmosis. Time; –The time given in which the plant tissue was immersed within the solution would also affect the experiment, as we would expect that with a longer duration, there would be more time for osmosis to occur. Pressure; – The pressure on one side of the membrane can increase or decrease the rate of osmosis by pushing the solution against the membrane. Selecting a factor â€Å"An independent variable is that which is presumed to affect or determine a de pendent variable[1]†. It can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given.More generally, the independent variable is what someone actively changes; while the dependent variable is what changes as a result. The constant variable or otherwise known as controlled variable, however, is never changed during an experiment as it remains ‘constant’. During my experiment I shall be measuring the change in mass of the potato chips as the dependant variable in order to investigate the effect of different concentration of sucrose solution (independent variable) on osmosis.Other factors such as the room temperature, type and volume of solution, form and size of plant tissue shall remain ambient through out my investigation as controlled variables or otherwise ‘constants’. Qualitative, Quantitative and Testable Hypothesis Osmosis is defined as being the net movement of water f rom a region of high concentration to that of a low concentration. This  movement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such as  a cell wall, which allows only explicit molecules to penetrate through but obstructs the pathway of others.Diffusion will continue until the area in which the molecules are found  reaches a state of equilibrium where molecules are  randomly distributed throughout solution. By my scientific background knowledge I can make a number of predications; I hypothesize that the rate of osmosis will differ in all test tubes depending on the concentration of solution, resulting in some either gaining mass in becoming turgid, others remaining the same whilst the rest lose mass and being flaccid after being immersed in solution subsequent to a fixed period of time.I hypothesize that plant tissue immersed in solution of higher concentration than that within the cell itself (hypertonic solution) will loose mass because there will be a net movement of water through the partially permeable membrane outside the cell where there is a considerably lower water potential. The plant cell becomes flaccid and as a result of the ell membrane shrinking and pulling away from its cells walls, it said to have been plasmolysed. Likewise, I predict that if the plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution where the concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell than water is absorbed by osmosis.The plant cell swells and shall become turgid to the extent that the pressure within the cell matches the internal or turgor pressure. The turgor pressure shall prevent further uptake of Water preventing it from rupturing. More generally the concentration of the sucrose solution in the flasks is inversely proportional with the plant tissues change in mass; as you increase the concentration of the solution, both the mass and the length of the potato chip will decrease.This I shall prove by measuring the mass of the plant tissue before it being and subsequent to being submerged in solution. Data collected shall be handled and substituted into the following equation . . . . Final mass (g) – initial mass (g) X 100 = Percentage Change Initial mass (g) A negative percentage change will signify that water has been lost by its net movement through the partially permeable membrane whilst a positive one will suggest that there has been a gain. I predict that my findings when transferred onto a graph will have a similar trend as in the one shown below.Preliminary The main objective of carrying out four preliminary experiments was to inform me as to which instruments would be most efficient in its use, gain first hand practice and recognize suitable methods in order to conclude specified measures which I will be using in ensuring that my final investigation is of highest standards in its reliability. |Concentration (Mole)|Mass(g) |Percentage change of | | | |mass (% to 1 d. ) | | |Before |After |Change | | |1. 000 |2. 32 |1. 97 |0. 35 |15. 0 | |0. 500 |2. 30 |2. 24 |0. 06 |2. 60 | |0. 250 |2. 28 |2. 23 |0. 05 |2. 20 | |0. 125 |2. 32 |2. 59 |-0. 27 |-11. 60 | Preliminary experiment 1 – Equipment: ? cork bores (5mm) potato ? glucose solution ? ruler ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x4 ? measuring cylinder ? scales Key: outlier Experiment 1 varied the concentration of the glucose solution; from the readings observed a clear correlation can be identified as a result of measurements being wide ranging- as the concentration of the glucose solution reduced by half each time the mass of the potatoes reduced too and hence there is a proportional correlation between the independent and dependant variable.Such readings are scientifically explanatory and correspond with my initial prediction produced in the previously discussed section of the hypothesis. One major setback of this investigation was that I used too few solutions with varying concentrations and hence the readings ava ilable in giving evidence of any judgments on my findings or when proving/disproving my initial predictions are limited.Hence, if I were to further develop this investigation as my final one I intend on using 5 different concentrated solutions that range from 0. 2 to 1 molar with increments of 0. 2moles. In this investigation we failed to use distilled water but instead opted for tap water because we had forgotten; this is much likely to have reduced the reliability of my results because any dissolved substances within the water will have affected the rate of osmosis by changing the solutions proposed concentration.In the final experiment we shall therefore use distilled water. However, I believe that my readings from the first preliminary experiment are reasonably fair and reliable because no outliers which contradict the key identified trend can be found and the mass of the potatoes previous to and subsequent to the experiment was accurate to 0. 01 of a decimal place. The potato w ith which we worked with was . . . . . . Preliminary Experiment 2 Equipment: cork bores (5mm) ? Swede ? sucrose solution ? ruler |Temperature (C °) |Length (mm) |Percentage change in | | | |length (% to 1d. p ) | | |Before |After |change | | |45 |3. 5 |3. 3 |0. 2 |5. 7 | |0 |3. 5 |3. |-0. 2 |-5. 7 | |25 |3. 5 |3. 5 |0. 0 |0. 0 | ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x3 ? measuring cylinder Key: outlier The second of my preliminary experiments was to see the effect of change in temperature on the rate of osmosis; the cell membrane remained at constant as Swede which was immersed in a 10ml sucrose solution at 1 mole.It is different from other preliminary experiments by the fact the Swede cylinders were 40 mm in length; however as suggested by the data there is no significant change in my measurements. The measurements that were collected were few; by 45, 0 and 25 degrees acting thereby as a disadvantage because we are restricted in the amount of data available in proving the trend. It is suggested that the higher the temperature the higher the osmosis rates; our observations are fully explainable, expected and scientifically conventional.It is known that temperature has a direct relationship to the movement of particles across a membrane; therefore as temperature increases, the rate at which particles move across the membrane should increase too as its molecules will be more excited in having more kinetic energy. Nonetheless if the temperature were to rise too high the selective permeability of the membrane can be damaged due to becoming denatured hence permanently collapsing the process of osmosis; this could be investigated by experimenting with temperature at or over 60 degrees.If I were to further develop this investigation with temperature being the independent variable I would take 4 measurements with increments of 20 degrees with minimum values of -20 to 60 degrees. My results here are less accurate by my use of only an average the rmometer as it is corrected to the nearest centigrade measured; consequently if I were to develop this experiment I would prefer to use a data logger which will give me values that have been rounded to the nearest decimal place with a considerably smaller error tolerance.In all of our preliminary investigation there was a reaction time of 30 minutes given; this however in my opinion is unreasonably low because the process of osmosis may have not yet reached its maximum capacity or equilibrium; hence in the final experiment there will be 45 minutes given for each set of vegetable cylinders. We did not use a stop watch or any other means of measuring and setting the reaction time other than the classroom clock and our best estimates; this may have hindered the reliability of our measurements so I shall use an stop watch in the final experiment which is accurate to

Benjamin Franklin by Edmund Morgan Essay

One of the most famous biographies ever written is said to be made by Edmund Morgan, when he accounted that of Benjamin Franklin’s life. He did so by presenting a very special style in analyzing Franklin’s existence. He made it possible by not narrating an everyday account with the use of dates, but instead accounted for the overall legacy of Franklin’s life. After reading the book, it can be said that the book establishes a broad view of Franklin’s existence. Franklin has been discussed as universally well-known for three things: his discovery of electricity, his writings, and his participation in the American Revolution. In this way, Morgan was able to present how Franklin has influenced the American, the government and the society as a whole. Born on January 17, 1706, young Franklin was presented by the author as a vigorous and curios one. It was also mentioned that his favorite past time was playing chess and singing songs. A further reading of the article shows that he also has his own belief in religion, which is â€Å"Sin is not harmful because it is forbidden, but it is forbidden because it is harmful. Nor is a duty beneficial because it is commanded, but it is commanded because it is beneficial. † As an individual, though he believes that God is the creator, he does attend mass and does not read bible. Nevertheless, it was at this stage of his life where he started writing about the virtues he believed in. A decade later, Franklin’s curiosity was instigated, when his English friend sent him Leyden jars for static electricity storage. Immediately, he started his own experiments with electricity. Subsequently, he discovered that a metal rod with a sharp end can ignite a spark from a greater distance than that of a rounded one. Based on the said findings, he proceeded on and proposed to conduct an experiment with a kite and a key to confirm that lightning is indeed electricity. His efforts proved him right, and his successful experiment discovering electricity made him famous. Among the study Franklin has made, includes that of the effect which ocean current has on travel and the pre germ theory. Morgan also touched the life of Franklin being a writer. According to Morgan, Franklin, though he left the field of printing earlier, he never left it totally. This was possible because he continuously carried out his work secretly as a printer in the field of philosophy, alongside with the renowned Poor Richard’s Almanack. He also succeeded in circulating numerous satirical hoax discourses. One of the popular speeches he made talks about a woman who had five illegitimate children and ironically claims to be following God’s word to increase and multiply. Franklin’s prominent pieces of writing talks about the qualities which he said would lead one to moral perfection, which includes Temperance, Chastity, Cleanliness, and Humility. It bears stressing that Franklin wrote these articles based from his own insights of good deeds against faith and not from religious dogma and sermons. The core of Franklin’s writings on religion imparts that a human being can be moral and god-fearing even without dogmatic presence of the church. As for Franklin’s participation in American Revolution, it can be gleaned from Morgan’s statement that the transition of America into an independent nation may not have been as easy were it not for Franklin’s efforts. His international relations with the British government and the French before, during, and after the hostilities proved very useful to America in instituting and re-instituting alliances. In the book, Franklin was presented to be one who is so influential in defending a pre-Revolution Philadelphia from French privateers, evenly allowing the British to preserve their influence in America and the colonies to resist division. This was due to Franklin’s belief that the British government was unyielding, but necessitates several modifications. All the complexities which were faced by Franklin in his life were discussed in the later part of the book. This occurred after he was sent to England in 1764 as a colonial agent, where he realized how complicated for someone from America to tackle these corrections, principally that of the colonists’ aspiration to elect their officials and to enjoy rights. On an ending note, Morgan went further when he made statement that depicted Adams as the most contentious colleague of Franklin during that time, and the reason for making living miserable for Franklin. BOOK REVIEW A reading of the book reveals that it was written in a narrative form, which trails more chronological events in Franklin’s life. Morgan made this possible by utilizing several quotations and pictures from Franklin’s works in telling his account. These help the person who reads in appreciating the events and thoughts from Franklin’s viewpoint. In some way, it can be said that the book is the best speech ever written, which comprises of an all-encompassing prologue, followed by a comprehensive series of events that is supplemented with optimistic tales and motivating truth imparted by Franklin. At this point of view, readers can say that Morgan’s writing technique is interwoven efficiently and wittily. Furthermore, he vividly sketches the outlines of Franklin’s growing outlook while unremarkably helping his readers grapple the details of his life in politics and the surfacing international condition during the American Revolution. From time to time, he even personally directed statements to the reader and alludes to what he himself is trying to understand about Franklin. On a different note, it could also be said that the story is of an adventure type that take hold of readers with the anecdotes of Franklin’s participation in the political events of 18th-century America. Nevertheless, the author did not lose sight of the significance of the other facet of the man’s qualities and the opinion and actions of others toward him. This was the reason for the biography’s success since it engages readers’ attention in the grand live stage show of this intriguing man’s life. One of the topics which were concentrated by Morgan in Franklin’s life, is his being diplomat. It was presented by the detailed account of Franklin’s vital role in the lengthy progression of calculations and miscalculations that pressed the loyal and dutiful British colonies into revolution and forged them into the United States of America. As written, Franklin, can be seen in every event, frequently behind the picture, but always exceptionally influential, a compelling catalyst for change, which has left an impact in the life of Americans and British government and society. Importantly, in this book we can learn that Franklin is the sole man whose signature maybe found on all four of the important founding documents of the American republic which are the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Treaty of Paris, and the Constitution. As for the impact Franklin’s life and this book may have in the society and public policy, it is important to mention that even if he did not believe in bible writings and the of the existence of God, he seems to have lived in an otherwise moral existence and have not lost sight of the need for people to be living with such religious morality. The most essential aspect of Franklin’s personality was his unselfish way of sharing to others and his belief that what is right is that which is beneficial. Thus, it can be inferred that one of the lessons in Franklin’s life which is being taught is that, being useful means providing the needs of other inhabitants, not only for one’s self, and that a man with an intelligence concerning him comes only to those individual who possesses a great heart. As for the economy, this book made us learn that Franklin, after experiencing his first achievement, had launched several successful commercial partnerships which lead to the development of the law of partnerships in America. This is said to be one of the many contributions Franklin has made in the history. Aside from the foregoing influences of Franklin has given to the society, it is of everyone’s knowledge that his greatest contribution was his discovery of electricity. This discovery was the product of his scientific curiosity which has originally established his fame in the world. In sum, it can be said that Morgan’s biography of Franklin imparts a representation of the renowned man with the kite that one might not anticipate in an intellectual biography. It is manifest from the opening that Morgan wishes the person who reads to see beyond the characterization of Franklin that we often read in books and articles. In this work, we came to learn, as stated at the outset, that Benjamin Franklin is famously known for three things: his experiments with electricity, his writings, and his involvement in the American Revolution. However, it is important to note that the behavior that Morgan actually wishes for the reader to be aware of is that to successful in this world, one should posse’s inquisitiveness and enthrallment with the world around him, coupled with a serene obsession for the intellectual strength of persons, and a benevolent social servitude. Reference: www. class. uidaho. edu/Engl440/NYRB/NRYB_Edmund_Morgan. htm, Retrieved April 09, 2007. http://www. brothersjudd. com/index. cfm/fuseaction/reviews. detail/book_id/1183/Benjamin%20Fra. htm Retrieved April 09, 2007

Little Women, By Louisa May Alcott - 866 Words

Louisa May Alcott was born and raised in Massachusetts from a financially struggling family, which will soon change due to Louisa’s writing talents. Louisa was homeschooled the majority of her childhood, which sparked her writing career. Many of her life experiences influenced her writing but the main one, that got her started, was her father, Amos Bronson Alcott, a philosopher and teacher. As she grew older, she befriended abolitionists, she soon becomes a part of, which greatly influence her later works. Alcott’s most famous work, â€Å"Little Women,† was published in 1868, and was read by many young girls even today. Evolving from a struggling family to a world renowned author, Louisa May Alcott inspired her era and eras beyond by her writing talents in her some of her works such as â€Å"My Contraband,† â€Å"Little Women,† and â€Å"Jo’s Boys (Boston Women s Heritage Trail).† My Contraband† is a rich short story that demonst rates just how profound Louisa’s short experience as a nurse during the Civil War was. This short story is obviously going to be very alluring to people during that time because they wanted, and liked, to know what was going on in the Civil War. Also, Alcott has the special writing talent of imagery and showing women strength to be able to effectively connect with her audience. It is still very popular due to this presence of strong, inspirational women and spiritual righteousness. First off, it is narrated by Faith Dane, an army nurse. The story then opens withShow MoreRelatedLittle Women By Louisa May Alcott1041 Words   |  5 PagesIn her novel Little Women, Louisa May Alcott delves into the social expectations placed on American women in the mid-nineteenth century. Alcott explores the different impacts of these expectations through the experiences of the four March sisters as they transition from childhood to adulthood. As she follows the life of the girls as they strugg le to balance the new world of social elegancies with the morals ingrained in them by their mother, Alcott challenges these social expectations and highlightsRead MoreLittle Women, by Louisa May Alcott800 Words   |  4 PagesLittle Women, by Louisa May Alcott, was published in 1868 and follows the lives, loves, and troubles of the four March sisters growing up during the American Civil War.1 The novel is loosely based on childhood experiences Alcott shared with her own sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth, who provided the hearts of the novel’s main characters.2 The March sisters illustrate the difficulties of girls growing up in a world that holds certain expectations of the female sex; the story details the journeys theRead MoreLittle Women By Louisa May Alcott1680 Words   |  7 PagesLittle Women, a novel written in 1868 also known as the 19th century. 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MarmeeRead MoreEssay on Little Women by Louisa May Alcott674 Words   |  3 PagesBorn in Germantown, Pennsylvania, Louisa May Alcott is best known for her novel Little Women. She was educated by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, who were family friends, and also educated by her father. Her novel is always in the top ten of the most-read books next to the Bible. Little Women takes place during the 1860s in Concord, Massachusetts. The story begins with four young girls trying to understand the importance of not being selfish, and it follows the livesRead MoreLittle Women Or Meg By Louisa May Alcott966 Words   |  4 PagesLittle Women or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy by Louisa May Alcott is a coming-of-age story about four girls with all different personalities and different ways of going through the world. 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The life-like characters and their tales break some of the stereotypes and add to the strength of the plot that embeds the last few years of the Industrial Revolution and social customs and conflicts, such as the CivilRead MoreThe Value Of Sisterhood In Little Women, By Louisa May Alcott1325 Words   |  6 Pagespriority. Even though the novel Little Women and the poem Goblin Market are different in regards to their primary storyline, genre and writers, they do discuss a similar theme, the value of sisterhood, in a way that helps in the understanding the achievements that sisterhood can orchestrate. Little Women is an 1869 novel written by Louisa May Alcott that majors around four sisters who are living with only their mother as the American Civil War was underway (Alcott 3). The March girls, who are theRead MoreThe Theme Of Family In Little Women By Louisa May Alcott1027 Words   |  5 PagesSarah Percy Wilson Theme- family is most important English 05 October 2017 Classic Novel Analysis In the novel Little Women by: Louisa May Alcott, a common theme is expressed throughout. To the family in this story, each other is the only thing that matters, therefore, displaying the message family is the most important thing you can have in your life. The four sisters, Jo, Meg, Beth, and Amy, belong to a very poor family inRead More The Importance of the Family in Louisa May Alcott Little Women864 Words   |  4 Pages Many times people are asked to think about what is important to them. A person may say their home, car, children, material items and some may even say family. In the book Little Women (1868-1869) written by Louisa May Alcott illustrates several family values. The story of the March family starts out during the civil war in New England. The family is left to survive on their own because their father went to protect his country. During the years of life the March children, Margaret (Meg), Josephine